DNA Structure

We learned about DNA structures the genetic material inside all cells. The real name for DNA is deoxyribonucleicacid. It is mainly just bunches of little patterns coming as one called nucleotides. Three things that are in nucleotides are, nucleic acid, ribose sugar and phosphate group. With all the nucleotides joined together it makes a long ladder made up of sugar molecules and carbonhydrates groups. The ladder is made up of nitrogen bases. When making joining together they have certain partners that connect. For example, adenine is always paired up with thymine and guanine is always paired up with cytosine. Throught out the whole ladder weak hydrogen bonds keep the pairs held together. The DNA could form a double helix which is a scientific name for the structure of the DNA twisting. When DNA is has the process of making a copy of itself that is called semi-conservative replication.

Gattaca

1. In the movie, Jerome was like "invalid" because he was a person that was weak and disabled by an injury from stepping in front of a car. After this he became degenerate because of this incident he lost physical, mental or moral qualities.

2. I think the parents let Vincent tear out the family photo after he won the race just because he proved to them that his heart wouldn't stop him from his dream and he could do it.

3. The relationship between Vincent and Anton was like any normal family. Vincent had all the brains and Anton was more of an athletic muscle man. Their were very different types of people and their interests were very different as well. It was kind of like opposites attract because even though they were different they were brothers and they bonded. Like when they were making the street planets Vincent was good at that, and then when their were in the pool, Anton was better at that.

4. My favorite person was Vincent in the beginning just because his determination for the ships and sky was awesome. Like he physically wasn't able to do that job but it was his dream and he didn't let that stop him. Then after killing someone I was kind of like whoa lets not get too crazy. Then I fell in love with the real Jerome because in the beginning he was sad about it but he was their for Vincent and helped him so much. He was such a good guy about it and had his back the whole time.

6. I didn't see the end of the movie but i couldn't believe the doctor kept quiet the whole time. He probably didn't say anything because Vincent didn't mean for all this to happen, he was a little boy with a big dream and would do anything for it. He couldn't do his dream because of his condition and society. I think the doctor saw this as him being an innocent man. If I was the doctor I think it would be hard for me to rat on him just because I would feel the same way as well.

8. The world in Gattaca is actually smart but its sad to see that people don't see you as a person but they see you as a DNA or a body. Applying for a job they don't notice you, they notice your body agenda. And this is wrong because people like Vincent don't get a chance when really he could be able to do it because even though his body was off he was so smart in the space field and could help in so many ways.

11. I would love to be the character as Vincent because he was so determined and it fascinates me. However Vincent felt as if killing the head chief man was the only way to get what he wanted and that could be true but I would never go that far or I would find a different way.

DNA Extraction from Wheat Germ

Put 50 ml of raw wheat germs in a test tube and mixed it with 20 ml of hot water. Stirred that for 3 minutes in a constant motion, then added 1 ml of detergent and mixed every minute for 5 minutes. In the process we tried to avoid making foam and we succeeded. Slowly we added 14 ml of alcohol and this caused a reaction. The test tube began to separate into 3 sections and this ghost like flawy white stuff appeared. How did this happen you may ask. . . Well the detergent broke apart the lipid's outer layer and caused its DNA to pop out. After the little white gooey thing came out we noticed it began to separate and separate. This is very similar to our bodies, how the DNA keeps duplicating and getting bigger.

 When i gave my family the paper tasting sheet everyone could taste it but it was crazy to see the different reactions each person had. When i was in class and i put the paper in my mouth everyone was gaging and i could taste a little something but i didnt understand why everyone was getting all grossed out i had to keep putting it in my mouth to get that weird taste but even then it was that bad as people made it seem. Then I gave some to my two parentals on the dinner table, my dads face was so hiliarious, he did not like it one bit and was so digusted! My mom had the same reaction i had and had to keep putting it in her mouth to see why my dad was acting all nasty. I walked down stairs and my sister melissa remembered this experiment from when serina did it to her when she was is school and had her mind set she wouldn't like it. She put it in her mouth and she was right, sour face! Her fiance was with her and I had extra so he tried one too, not knowing what it was and put a bigo chunk in him mouth and he laughed but was also grossed out.  The next day i located Serina and Carissa, it took awhile fo me to get them to do it again from their last experiment, Carissa wasnt that much grossed out like me and my mom and serina was like: UEH! (throw up noise) lol

Independent Assortment

I discovered the mechanics of meiosis and the different phases and divisions. In the first meiotic division, homologous chromosomes pair up and align at the middle of the cell. The two pairs are set apart from each side of the cell, and are lined up at no particular order or reason. Because of this, when the pairs separate during meiosis 1, each half moves apart from each other opposite poles of the cell, creating random chromosomes and alleles for each new daughter cell.

Now Mendel's second law does not appply to all genes. When genes are linked they are laid close together on the same chromosome, they are more likely to go through meiosis phase. Thats why linked genes do not assort on their own. However, if the genes are located on different chromosomes they can assort independently. Two genese that are far apart from each other on the same chromosome, when ther cross over they usually unlink the genes and their you can independent assorting.

scientific Baby Making

After "making babies" with my partner Zach Gonzales :) lol. . we noticed how the genetic thing worked with this work sheet. We had a coin toss experiment that put these facts to work and showed the idea of how genes are passed down or transfered from the parent to the child. Filling out this packet tossing for certain traits that our "baby" would encounter it was a fun time. After we had all the characteristics we spreaded about and drew what we thought our "child" would look like, seeing the pictures it was funny to see how different they were. The first trait we had to determine was the gender and in class we learned that woman have XX chromosome and men have XY, no matter what we found out that the woman always passes and X so then it was up to Zach to pass his "chromosome" and see what we got (toss the coin). Boom! We had a baby boy in our hands with the chromosome XY. We also learned that genotype is the way genes are laid out and phenotype is how you look. The genes don't always show in phenotype it mainly just shows the dominant gene. As the worksheet went on, we tossed the coin to determine what traits our little boy would have such as, a mole, eyebrows, dimples, or even the shape of lips.  We also learned that if their isn't a huge amount of people that possess a certain trade that it can still be dominate. We spent like 2 0r 3 days on this experiment and i have to say it was a fun time!

In sickness and in health-A trip to the Genetic counselor

Both of their families have the disease making it easy for it to be passed on to their kids. Like Greg's brother Jeff, he has to be treated with injections of proteins that help the blood to clot. Even the smallest cut could uncontrollably bleed on Jeff's body. Shortly after Jeff's birth they found out this was wrong with him and ever since then. These injections used to contain clotting factor isolating from the blood of human donors, for the last 10 years he is now receiving recombinant clotting factor, this is genetically engineered. Greg and Olga met as her uncle was also getting the treatment that Greg's brother had. They are scared that their family might have a great chance at getting this disease, so the genetic counselor had them feel out a narrative history list of their families.

1. No they do not skip a generation

2. His mom may not have it but the disease is running through the family and it could mean anything

3. nopeee

4. 50%

5. no percent chance

1. The numbers are very decreased, not everyone gets it

2. Consanguineous means being descended from the same ancestry or heritage

3. Autosomal lets men and woman have the equal chance of getting "something:

1. Gene that determines the sex of the child'

2. X chromosomes are automaticaly sent fomr the mom so its up to the dad what chromosome is next and thats where you get the Y from.

3. Must have two copies

4.My pedigree shows this

5. Their is a 50% that this could be passed on through out her family however, if you notice that males are the main gender that seems to consist of the disease. . .

6. He does not carry it therefore their is no chance he could pass it on to his family.

Leukemia cancer

This type of cancer affects the blood and bone marrow, which is a spongy center of the bone where blood cells are formed. This diseasecauses the blood cells to be produced and grow out of control. They don't stop growing like they normally should.Overtime, cells can get over populate the normal blood cells, and this action can lead to many problems. Leukemia cells can also spread to the lymph nodes or other organs and this can cause swellling or pain. Some things that cause leukemia is large amounts of exposion of radiation, certain chemicals like benzene, had some type of chemotherapy to treat another cancer, have genetic problems or down syndrome, or even smoking. Some signs of the disease could be fever and night sweats, headaches, bruising and bleeding easily, bone or joint pain, swollen lymph nodes in the armpit, neck or groin, getting a lot of infections, feeling very tired or weak, or losing weight and not feeling hungry. Leukemia has caused many deaths, because it is that serious. Their are also many types of leukemia such as, acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia. If u have acute leukemia you must get quick treatment to stop the rapid growth. Chronic leukemia can rarely be cured, but treatment can help control the growth. That is some facts and information about Leukemia.

some of my resources:
http://www.webmd.com/cancer/tc/leukemia-topic-overview
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/leukemia/page2
http://www.lls.org/diseaseinformation/leukemia/

AMERICAN EUGENICS MOVEMENT

Eugenics is the genetic thought of "improvement", eugenics is the study of methods to improve the human race by controlling reproductions. It is a breeding technique used on humans, in the past this was only used on the creation of new varieties of crops and domestic animals. Animals such as horses or cows, their sperms or eggs are frozen as soon as they are consumed and took all over the world to produce the "perfect" animal. Farmers want the best or strongest animal. For example, people that race on horses try to breed the "best" horse for when it gets older to race with to be number one. With this genetic technique they hope to succeed. Now, the thought process is can we now do some what the similiar thing but on humans? I am talking about sending sperms and eggs but I am also talking about another technique when you can specialize a certain cell to make it obtain to your desires.  Rearranging our genetics and controlling the human species, selective breeding. That birth should be controlled for desirable human characteristics in the offspring. In 1883, Francis Galton formed the word eugenics in science history. In the beginning Mendel explained that every visible trait is governed by a pair of "factors" now known as genes. Their are two types of genes such as recessive or dominant. Recessive is when you get a gene or copy from each parent. Dominant is when a gene is inherited from both parents. This scientific idea was a way of choosing genes, kind of like segregation. This eugenicists were often pervaded with prejudice against racial, ethnic, and disabled groups. He saw it as helping improve humanity by encouraging the ablest and healthiest people to have more children. In his eyes this was very positive but this can be taken any other way, with people having opinions it was hard to get this going. Scientists that studied eugenics had some type of background in farming. Like when people breed horses or chickens, they want the best and the strongest to be produced. Even in the fields they wanted to grow the tastiest crops so they could sell good.  Also medication got into this debate. When medicine failed to fix the psychotic and the retarded some scientists turned to eugenics, sterilizing them. This thought of eugenics in America caused people to create perfection and the "best" out their. Of having the perfect teeth or smile, the perfect hair or eye color. The idea of this affected a lot of things such as religion, people felt offended when they heard the thought of such a thing. Personally, i feel that when you are with someone and have a baby, you should just let destiny occur and its crazy how people would what to do this. But it could be amazing to take out diseases from being passed on or even to help make a child not special-ed. All in all, eugenics is the American society having the desire and the possibility of making the human population perfect.

Online Onion Root Tips

                         Interphase  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase Telophase  Total

Number of           

cells                     20                10             3                  2              1             36

Percent of 

cells                   55.5              27.8           8.3               5.5          2.7             99.8

                        Interphase     Prophase   Metaphase   Anaphase   Telophase    Total

# of cells            619                14                 6                 4               5                 648

% of cells           .96                 .02              .009             .006           .008            1.003

What % of cells were interphase?

Their was like 60%

What % were in mitosis?

About 50% in mitosis

Which phase of mitosis takes the longest?

The longest was the prophase

During which stage is the nucleolus visible as a dark spot?

The nucleus is visible as a dark spot when interphase occurrs

How can you recongnize a cell in metaphase?

The chromosomes will be lined up in the middle